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* Informed by a single disciplinary perspective; i.e., restricted by relatively arbitrary disciplinary boundaries (von Bertalanffy 1956, Boulding 1956). | * Informed by a single disciplinary perspective; i.e., restricted by relatively arbitrary disciplinary boundaries (von Bertalanffy 1956, Boulding 1956). | ||
* | * Uses reductionist methods, which break phenomena into component parts so they can be studied or addressed independently (von Bertalanffy 1968). | ||
* Ignores the importance of appreciating the interactions between the parts, and between phenomena. | * Ignores the importance of appreciating the interactions between the parts, and between phenomena. | ||
* Ignoring interactions can bring about systemic resistance to reductionist 'solutions'. | * Ignoring interactions can bring about systemic resistance to reductionist 'solutions'. |