Critical Systems Heuristics

1. System Dynamics (SD) developed originally in the late 1950s by Jay Forrester 2. Viable Systems Model (VSM) developed originally in the late 1960s by Stafford Beer 3. Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA: with cognitive mapping) developed originally in the 1970s by Colin Eden 4. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) developed originally in the 1970s by Peter Checkland 5. Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) developed originally in the late 1970s by Werner Ulrich