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|style="padding: 10px" |'''Systems Thinking''' | |style="padding: 10px" |'''Systems Thinking''' | ||
|* <u>Transdisciplinary:</u> Focus is on defining and redefining systems without conforming to disciplinary boundaries (von Bertalanffy 1968, Bailey 2001, Midgley 2001a). | | | ||
* <u>Transdisciplinary:</u> Focus is on defining and redefining systems without conforming to disciplinary boundaries (von Bertalanffy 1968, Bailey 2001, Midgley 2001a). | |||
* <u>Avoids reductionism:</u> Focuses attention on interrelationships, how parts interact to form whole systems, how those systems are defined by boundary distinctions, and what these interrelationships, systems and boundary distinctions might look like from different perspectives (Cabrera et al 2008, 2015; Cabrera and Cabrera 2015). | * <u>Avoids reductionism:</u> Focuses attention on interrelationships, how parts interact to form whole systems, how those systems are defined by boundary distinctions, and what these interrelationships, systems and boundary distinctions might look like from different perspectives (Cabrera et al 2008, 2015; Cabrera and Cabrera 2015). | ||
* Subject/object dualism and mechanism are both challenged, as the agency and inter-subjectivity of human beings is acknowledged (Fuenmayor 1991a,b,c). | |||
* <u>People seen as interactive parts of larger socio-ecological systems:</u> Can both change those systems and be changed by them (Gregory 2000). | * <u>People seen as interactive parts of larger socio-ecological systems:</u> Can both change those systems and be changed by them (Gregory 2000). | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
* Bailey KD (2001) Towards unifying science: Applying concepts across disciplinary boundaries. Systems Research and Behavioral Science 18:41-62 | |||
* Bertalanffy L von (1956) General system theory. General Systems 1:1-10 | |||
* Bertalanffy L von (1968) General system theory. Penguin, London | |||
* Boulding KE (1956) General system theory – The skeleton of science. Management Science, 2:197-208 | |||
* Fuenmayor RL (1991a) The roots of reductionism: A counter-ontoepistemology for a systems approach. Systems Practice 4(5):419-448 | |||
* Fuenmayor RL (1991b) The self-referential structure of an everyday living situation: A phenomenological ontology for interpretive systemology. Systems Practice 4(5):449-472 | |||
* Fuenmayor RL (1991c) Truth and openness: An epistemology for interpretive systemology. Systems Practice 4(5):473-490 | |||
* Gregory WJ (2000) Transforming self and society: A “critical appreciation” model. Systemic Practice and Action Research 13(4):475-501 | |||
* Jackson, Michael C (1982). "The nature of soft systems thinking: the work of Churchman, Ackoff and Checkland". Journal of Applied Systems Analysis. 9: 17–28. | * Jackson, Michael C (1982). "The nature of soft systems thinking: the work of Churchman, Ackoff and Checkland". Journal of Applied Systems Analysis. 9: 17–28. | ||
* Midgley G (2001a) Rethinking the unity of science. International Journal of General Systems 30:379-409 | |||
* Midgley G (2008) Systems thinking, complexity and the philosophy of science. Emergence: Complexity and Organization 10(4):55-73 | * Midgley G (2008) Systems thinking, complexity and the philosophy of science. Emergence: Complexity and Organization 10(4):55-73 | ||
* Midgley, G., & Rajagopalan, R. (2020). Critical systems thinking, systemic intervention, and beyond. Handbook of Systems Sciences, 1-51. | * Midgley, G., & Rajagopalan, R. (2020). Critical systems thinking, systemic intervention, and beyond. Handbook of Systems Sciences, 1-51. | ||